制冷与空调

在印染、食品加工、制药等工业领域，蒸汽作为核心加热介质，其发生过程能耗占行业总能耗的35%～45%,且传统化石燃料锅炉存在碳排放高、热效率低的问题，电锅炉虽零排放但COP值仅为0.9～0.95,运行成本高昂。为实现工业蒸汽低碳供应，针对现有高温热泵蒸汽系统面临的压缩机高压运行可靠性差、制冷剂适配性局限、换热器高温冷凝效率低等瓶颈，开发出一种基于R134a低温循环、R245fa高温循环与两级预热-蒸发水循环的级联高温热泵系统。通过理论建模与试验验证，探究系统性能规律。结果表明：该系统可稳定生成135℃/0.3 MPa的工业用蒸汽，蒸汽干度达0.96～0.98;性能系数范围为2.1～3.5,相比传统燃煤锅炉节能30%以上，年碳排放量减少8×10⁴ kg以上；通过优化闪蒸罐存水量，初始供汽时间降低，动态响应能力显著提升。研究证实，该系统可作为工业蒸汽的环境友好型替代方案，为印染、食品加工等行业低碳转型提供技术支撑。

In industrial sectors such as dyeing, food processing, and pharmaceutical manufacturing, steam serves as a core heating medium, and its production process accounts for 35% to 45% of the total energy consumption of the industry. Traditional fossil fuel-fired boilers suffer from high carbon emissions and low thermal efficiency, while electric boilers, though achieving zero emissions, only have a coefficient of performance(COP) of 0.9 to 0.95, resulting in high operating costs. To realize low-carbon industrial steam supply, addressing the bottlenecks of existing high-temperature heat pump(HTHP) steam systems—including poor reliability of compressors operating under high pressure, limited refrigerant adaptability, and low condensation efficiency of heat exchangers at high temperatures—this study developed a cascade high-temperature heat pump system based on the R134a low-temperature cycle, the R245fa high-temperature cycle, and the two-stage preheating-evaporation water cycle. Through theoretical modeling and experimental verification, the performance characteristics of the system were exp-lored. The results show that: the system can stably generate industrial steam at 135 ℃/0.3 MPa, with a steam dryness of 0.96-0.98; its COP ranges from 2.1 to 3.5, achieving more than 30% energy savings compared to traditional coal-fired boilers and reducing annual carbon emissions by over 8×10⁴ kg; by optimizing the water storage capacity of the flash tank, the initial steam supply time is shortened(e.g., from 2.2 minutes to 1.5 minutes), and the dynamic response capability is significantly improved. This study confirms that the system can serve as an environmentally friendly alternative for industrial steam, providing technical support for the low-carbon transformation of industries such as dyeing and food processing.